|
The characteristic smell of plant materials is usually the result of the complex interactions occurring among hundreds of compounds. Correct reproduction of the natural fragrance in a concentrated extract is therefore a complex task. The presence of thermolabile compounds, the possibility of hydrolysis and hydrosolubilization are serious obstacles in the reproduction of natural fragrances. Moreover, severe legislative restrictions are currently being proposed to eliminate solvent residues in these products when used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. All these problems can be solved easily by employing supercritical fluid in extracting essential oil. Table 15 summarizes various SFE conditions in extracting essential oil from different sources.
Table 15. Different SFE Working Condition for Various Essential Oils.
Samples of Essential Oils |
Conditions of Supercritical Fluid Extraction |
Yield |
References |
|
Pressure |
Temperature |
CO 2 Flowrate |
|
|
|
(bar) |
|
|
|
|
Black Pepper Oil |
150, 200 and 300 |
30, 40 and 50°C |
0.0725g/mim |
3.45% |
S.R.S. Ferreira et. al. |
(Piper nigrun L.) |
bar |
|
03687g/min |
|
1999 |
|
280 bar |
24, 40 and 60°C |
1.8 g/min |
7.5% |
H. Sovova et al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1995 |
Clove Bud Oil |
90 bar |
50°C |
1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 |
20.80% |
E. Reverchon et. al. |
|
|
|
kg/hr |
|
1997 |
Celery Seed Oil |
100, 150 and 200 |
45 and 55°C |
1.1 and 3.0 kg/hr |
20% |
I. Papamichail et. al. |
(Apium graveolens L.) |
bar |
|
|
|
2000 |
Feverfew |
250 bar |
45°C |
0.85ml/min |
|
Roger M. Smith et. al. |
(Tanacetum parthenium L.) |
|
|
|
|
1994 |
Tansy |
|
|
|
|
|
(Tancetum vulgore L.) |
|
|
|
|
|
German Chamomile |
|
|
|
|
|
(Chamomilla recutita L.) |
|
|
|
|
|
Caraway |
90 – 100 bar |
23 to 40°C |
1L/min |
|
H. Sovova et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1994 |
|
125 bar |
32°C |
4kg/hr |
5% |
T. Baysal et al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1999 |
Citrus Oil |
8.3 - 12.4 MPa |
40 to 70°C |
50ml/min |
|
F. Temelli et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1988 |
|
8 and 28 MPa |
20 and 50°C |
0.5 to 3.5 Kg/hr |
6% |
B. Mira et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1999 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Coariader Seed Oil |
100, 200 and 300 |
35°C |
|
|
V. Illes et. al |
|
bar |
|
|
|
2000 |
Ginger Oil |
6 - 10 MPa |
9 to 35°C |
0.17 - 0.46kg/m²s |
5% |
Alexander G. Badalyan |
|
|
|
2% w/w ethanol |
|
1997 |
Angelica archangelica L. |
120 bar |
40°C |
Static extraction |
0.18% |
Catalin Doneanu |
root oil |
|
|
with 2 hours dynamic |
|
1998 |
|
|
|
extraction, 0.5Kg/hr |
|
|
Orange flower |
80 - 100 bar |
40°C |
1.2 kg/hr |
53.60% |
E. Reverchon et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1999 |
Ginseng root hair oil |
10.4 - 31.2 MPa |
35 - 60°C |
|
10.74% |
H.C. Wang et. al. |
|
|
|
(2.7 and 6% ethanol) |
|
2000 |
Pennyroyal |
100 bar |
50°C |
0.31, 0.43, and 0.62 g/s |
2.53% |
E.M.C. R.-Vasco et. al |
|
|
|
|
|
2000 |
Oregano bracts |
70 - 200 bar |
27 - 47 °C |
0.3 - 0.9 kg/hr |
|
F. Gaspar et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
2002 |
|
120 bar |
40 - 60°C |
|
|
M.C. D.-Maroto et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
2001 |
Hiprose Seed |
1500, 3000, 6000 |
40, 50 and 70°C |
1, 2, 4 and 6 g/min |
7.40% |
E. Reverchon et. al. |
|
and 10000 psi |
|
|
|
1999 |
Chamomile |
100, 120, 160 |
30 and 40°C |
0.0167, 0.0333 and |
4.00% |
Nanci P. Povh et. al. |
|
and 200 bar |
|
0.0667 g/s |
|
2001 |
Lemongrass |
85 - 120 bar |
23 - 50°C |
|
|
L.H.C. Carlson et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
2001 |
Lemon Oil |
13790, 27580 and |
40 and 60°C |
5 to 12mL/min |
5.42% |
N.L. Rozzi et al. |
|
41370 kPa |
|
|
|
2001 |
Lovage |
80 - 350 bar |
|
50 - 300ml/min |
|
E. Dauksas et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1999 |
Rosemary |
100 bar |
40 to 50°C |
0.5 to 5dm³/hr |
1.0% |
E. Reverchon et. al. |
|
|
|
|
|
1993 |
Basil |
|
|
|
0.9% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marjoram |
|
|
|
0.72% |
|
Nutmeg |
90 bar |
23°C |
500cm³/min |
7.00% |
C.B. Spricigo et. al. |
|
|
(Subcritical Cond.) |
|
|
1999 |
Eucalyptus leaf oils |
80, 100, 150 and |
40 and 60°C |
|
|
J.C. Francisco et al. |
|
250 bar |
|
|
|
2002 |
|